基于氧同位素的玉米农田蒸散发估算和区分

农田蒸散发(evapotranspiration,ET)的估算和区分是土壤-植物-大气连续体中的重要研究内容,是农业水资源高效利用的重要基础。该研究分析了土壤水、蒸发水汽、蒸腾水汽和大气背景混合水汽氧同位素组成分布特征,并采用2种同位素的方法对玉米农田蒸散发进行估算和区分:1)结合Keeling plot和Craig-Gordon模型的同位素方法(Iso-CG);2)基于土壤水同位素守恒和水量平衡的方法(Iso-WB)。结果表明,在玉米生育期内Iso-WB方法与Iso-CG方法所计算的玉米蒸腾比例分别为0.64~0.91和0.52~0.91,平均值分别为0.80和0.78。玉米蒸散发总量在前期、中期和后期均值分别为3.95、5.30和4.98 mm/d。通过比较参数并与前人研究结果对比分析,表明采用Iso-CG方法估算区分ET相对精确,采用Iso-WB方法计算蒸散发要求的测量精度相对较高,计算误差较大。该研究成果不仅为玉米农田制定灌溉制度及提高用水效率提供了理论依据,而且对深入探索氧同位素水文学领域具有重要意义。     

GFDL-ESM2M气候模式下京津冀地区未来潜在蒸散量时空变化

为探究未来潜在蒸散量时空变化特征,该研究以京津冀地区为例,基于美国GFDL提供的GFDL-ESM2M全球气候模式,得到京津冀地区92个格点2000-2050年的平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、太阳总辐射、平均相对湿度和近地面平均风速,应用Penman-Monteith公式计算京津冀地区未来92个格点的逐日潜在蒸散量(ET0),分析其时空分布特征及其与气象要素的相关关系。结果表明:未来年ET0总体呈增加趋势,RCP8.5情景下ET0上升速度最快,且随着时间推移增幅越来越大。夏季ET0增长速度最快,其次为春季、秋季与冬季,意味着未来ET0季节差异将愈加明显,可能出现更为严重的季节性干旱。ET0空间分布呈由西南向东北逐渐递减趋势,其中中部地区增速最快,增长趋势由中部向南北递减。不同气候情景下平均气温均呈逐年上升趋势,风速、太阳总辐射略微上升,而相对湿度下降。ET0与太阳总辐射的相关系数最大,呈由东北向西南递增趋势,其次为最高气温,呈由西北向东南递增趋势。ET0与相对湿度变化呈显著负相关,相关系数绝对值呈东北向西南递增趋势,ET0与风速相关度不明显。该研究可为农业需水预测与灌溉管理、科学应对气候变化提供基础支撑。     

苜蓿秸秆压缩仿真离散元模型参数标定

为了提高苜蓿秸秆压缩过程中离散元仿真研究所用参数的准确度,该研究采用物理试验和仿真优化设计相结合的方法对离散元仿真参数进行标定。首先,以接触参数物理试验结果为仿真参数选择依据,利用Plackett-Burman试验对初始参数进行显著性筛选,方差分析结果表明,苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数、苜蓿秸秆-45钢静摩擦系数对仿真休止角影响显著。进一步以休止角的相对误差值为评价指标,对3个显著性参数进行最陡爬坡试验,优化显著性参数取值范围,并基于Box-Behnken试验建立休止角与显著性参数的二阶回归模型,以物理试验得到的38.88°休止角为目标值,对显著性参数进行寻优,得到最优组合:苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆静摩擦系数为0.45、苜蓿秸秆-苜蓿秸秆滚动摩擦系数为0.08、苜蓿秸秆-45钢的静摩擦系数为0.54。最后利用T检验得到P0.05,表明仿真休止角与物理试验值无显著性差异,验证了最优参数组合的可靠性。研究结果表明,应用上述各优化试验来标定离散元仿真参数是可行的,同时标定的参数可为苜蓿秸秆的其它仿真试验提供参考。     

Effects of Different Organic Materials Application on Soil Physicochemical Properties in a Primary Saline-Alkali Soil

Eurasian Soil Science - The application of agricultural wastes to the soil does not only improve soil fertility but also helps in the recycling of agricultural waste resources. However, the effects...     

Intensive organic vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated management

Intensive vegetable production in greenhouses has rapidly expanded in China since the 1990s and increased to 1.3 million ha of farmland by 2016, which is the highest in the world. We conducted an 11‐year greenhouse vegetable production experiment from 2002 to 2013 to observe soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics under three management systems, i.e., conventional (CON), integrated (ING), and intensive organic (ORG) farming. Soil samples (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) were collected in 2002 and 2013 and separated into four particle‐size fractions, i.e., coarse sand (> 250 µm), fine sand (250–53 µm), silt (53–2 µm), and clay (< 2 µm). The SOC contents and δ¹³C values of the whole soil and the four particle‐size fractions were analyzed. After 11 years of vegetable farming, ORG and ING significantly increased SOC stocks (0–20 cm) by 4008 ± 36.6 and 2880 ± 365 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, respectively, 8.1‐ and 5.8‐times that of CON (494 ± 42.6 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). The SOC stock increase in ORG at 20–40 cm depth was 245 ± 66.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1, significantly higher than in ING (66 ± 13.4 kg C ha^?1 y^?1) and CON (109 ± 44.8 kg C ha^?1 y^?1). Analyses of ¹³C revealed a significant increase in newly produced SOC in both soil layers in ORG. However, the carbon conversion efficiency (CE: increased organic carbon in soil divided by organic carbon input) was lower in ORG (14.4%–21.7%) than in ING (18.2%–27.4%). Among the four particle‐sizes in the 0–20 cm layer, the silt fraction exhibited the largest proportion of increase in SOC content (57.8% and 55.4% of the SOC increase in ORG and ING, respectively). A similar trend was detected in the 20–40 cm soil layer. Over all, intensive organic (ORG) vegetable production increases soil organic carbon but with a lower carbon conversion efficiency than integrated (ING) management.     

Comparative study on different sediment transport capacity based on dimensionless flow intensity index

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Sediment transport plays a vital role in the development of soil erosion process models. The primary purpose of this study is to establish new sediment transport...     

Biochar-induced soil phosphate sorption and availability depend on soil properties: a microcosm study

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The effects of soil properties on biochar-induced soil phosphate sorption and availability are not well investigated. An alkaline biochar-induced soil phosphate...     

网室内棉花不育系蜜蜂授粉试验研究

本研究在网室内利用蜜蜂为6个棉花不育系材料授粉，以人工授粉作为对照，研究蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉在农艺性状等指标上的差异。结果表明，蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉的单株结铃数和空果枝数有极显著差异；不同不育系的单株结铃数差异极显著，果枝数有显著差异。晋56-1A、晋56-3A、晋56-6A的单株结铃数在蜜蜂授粉和人工授粉间有显著性差异，晋56-2A和晋56-5A的单株结铃数在不同授粉方式下有极显著差异；晋56-4A和晋56-6A的空果枝数有极显著差异。室内考种表明，蜜蜂授粉的衣分范围为26.3%～39.6%，人工授粉的衣分为29.4%～35.3%，人工授粉衣分范围相对较小。人工授粉的单铃籽粒数、制种产量均比蜜蜂授粉大，铃重、籽指、发芽率相差不大。蜜蜂授粉制种产量达人工授粉的80%左右；而制种成本可节约50%以上。因此，选择强群势蜂群、适时有效的虫害管理等措施，可提高棉花不育系制种效率，对棉花“三系”的发展有重要的推动作用。     

转基因抗虫三系杂交棉——运B259

运B259属转基因抗虫三系杂交棉品种，本文介绍了运B259的选育过程、特征特性、主要栽培技术及生产应用注意事项。     

氮磷钾配比施肥对桢楠幼苗生长及生物量积累的影响

采用3因素3水平正交试验设计,研究了N、P、K3种大量元素配方施肥对1a桢楠幼苗生长和生物量积累的影响,为桢楠苗期的科学施肥提供参考.结果表明,不同施肥处理对桢楠幼苗苗高、地径和各器官生物量的影响差异均显著,其中N2P3K1组合(尿素2 g·株-1、过磷酸钙8 g·株-1,氯化钾0 g·株-1)条件下植株苗高、地径及各器官生物量均处于最高水平,该组合植株生长表现最佳.N、P、K对桢楠幼苗生长和生物量积累的影响效应不同,主次顺序均表现为N>P>K,其中N元素影响最大,P元素和K元素影响较小.